AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF BELIEFS ABOUT GHOSTS AND WORLDS IN BUDDHISM

Abstract

The study entitled “An Analytical Study of Beliefs about Pretas and Realms of Existence in Buddhism” consisted of the following objectives: 1) to study the concept of Pretas as presented in Buddhist scriptures; 2) to examine the doctrine of karma that leads to rebirth in the preta realm; and 3) to explore beliefs concerning Pretas and the realms of existence within Buddhism. This research employed a document-based qualitative method, collecting data from primary and secondary sources. The analysis was conducted descriptively, following the principles of inductive reasoning. The research findings reveal that: The concept of realms of existence (bhūmi) refers to the domains where all sentient beings are born. These realms are classified into three categories, collectively known as the Tilokiya (Three Worlds) namely, Kāmabhūmi (Desire Realm), Rūpabhūmi (Form Realm) and Arūpabhūmi (Formless Realm). Regarding karma that results in rebirth as a Preta (hungry ghost) in the preta realm, this state is marked by intense suffering due to insatiable hunger and thirst. The form and suffering of Pretas vary according to the specific negative karma accumulated, etc., offering merit to Pretas through dedicated acts of generosity is believed to alleviate their suffering and facilitate their transition to a better realm of existence. This belief highlights the importance of familial ties and the moral law of karma within Buddhist teachings. Beliefs about Pretas (hungry ghosts) and the realms of existence in Buddhism illustrate the principle of karma and its influence on the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra). Pretas are condemned to suffer from insatiable hunger and thirst, and their suffering can only be alleviated through the transfer of merit (puññānumodanā) by living relatives. The physical characteristics of Pretas vary according to the specific karmic actions committed, In Thai society, there is a strong cultural belief in rituals dedicated to transferring merit to Pretas, such as Bun Khao Sak, Bun Khao Pradap Din, etc., Merit-making activities reinforce ethical conduct, awareness of karma, and mindful living. They also play an important role in instilling moral values in younger generations, contributing to the cultivation of a virtuous and ethically grounded society in the future.