Ethical Leadership: A Comparative Study of Western Theoriesand Theravada–Mahayana Buddhist Principles

Abstract

This study aims to compare Western leadership theories with Buddhist leadership concepts, focusing on the alignment and divergence in moral, ethical, and developmental dimensions of leadership, particularly in relation to the Seven Noble Qualities (Sappurisa-Dhamma 7) and the Four Great Aspirations (Panidhana 4) in Buddhism. These Buddhist principles emphasize the cultivation of wisdom, morality, and compassion as the foundation of effective leadership.
The research employed a documentary research method, collecting and analyzing data from academic texts, scriptures, and related studies. The Western leadership theories examined include the Trait Theory, Behavioral Theory, Contingency Theory, as well as contemporary approaches such as Ethical Leadership and Spiritual Leadership. These were then compared with Buddhist leadership principles derived from the Sappurisa-Dhamma 7 and Panidhana 4.
The findings reveal that Western leadership theories generally emphasize organizational effectiveness, motivation, and goal achievement, focusing on external behaviors and characteristics of leaders. In contrast, Buddhist leadership highlights the internal cultivation of mind and wisdom, emphasizing self-mastery, compassion, and moral responsibility as the basis for guiding others. The Sappurisa-Dhamma 7 outlines the intellectual and ethical competencies of a righteous leader, while the Panidhana 4 reflects the altruistic determination to work for the welfare of all beings—closely corresponding with the Western notions of ethical and servant leadership.
In conclusion, integrating Buddhist ethical principles with Western leadership theories provides a holistic model of leadership—one that combines wisdom and compassion, ensuring both organizational effectiveness and moral integrity. This integrated approach offers valuable insights for developing leaders in Thai society who are both competent and virtuous, contributing to sustainable social and organizational development.