The Practice for Enlightenment of Theravada and Zen Buddhism

Abstract

This research article focuses on 1) exploring the practices for attaining enlightenment in Theravada Buddhism, 2) examining the practices for achieving enlightenment in Zen Buddhism, and 3) comparing and analyzing these practices within both Theravada and Zen Buddhism. This qualitative study employs documentary research methods, drawing upon both primary and secondary data sources. These include Theravada Buddhist scriptures such as the Pali Canon, commentaries, sub-commentaries, and other Buddhist texts. The gathered information is systematically studied, analyzed, synthesized, and presented in alignment with the research objectives.

The findings reveal that

1. In Theravada Buddhism, the journey to Nirvana is pursued through the Threefold Training, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the Seven Factors of Awakening, highlighting a harmonious interplay between Samatha and Vipassana. Progress is gauged using the Ten Fetters as benchmarks, with guidance from teachers, supportive environments, and the Buddha’s teachings considered essential. The main hindrance lies in attachment to existence, which can be transcended through mindfulness and wisdom, marking the distinctive path to liberation.
2. Zen centers on awakening to the true nature of the mind through practices such as Zazen, Koans, and Mondo, while refraining from dependence on scriptures. Key supports in Zen practice include the role of teachers, collective meditations, and practicing mindfulness in everyday life. However, attachment to reason and excessive concentration are seen as major barriers. Zen provides a direct, immediate path to enlightenment, embodying realization in the present moment.
3. Both Theravada and Zen seek the eradication of ignorance through the direct experience of reality, with mindfulness as a shared foundation. Theravada emphasizes systematic and progressive development in line with the Threefold Training, while Zen prioritizes immediate awakening through tools like Koans and Zazen. While Theravada offers a structured and stable framework, Zen adopts an instinctively creative and unstructured approach. When their strengths are integrated, a practice that balances stability with openness is formed.

Research into Buddhist meditation shows that despite their differences, Buddhist traditions share the ultimate goal of liberation through mindfulness, complemented by direct experiential insights. Theravada contributes a reliable and methodical system, whereas Zen brings a dynamic and adaptable dimension.